Die Untersuchung der Erkennung von Plasmopara viticola durch VRP1 Rezeptoren und der Regulation der Pathogenabwehr durch die Transkriptionsfaktoren VvWRKY33 und VvERF5 in der Weinrebe (Vitis sp.)

Die Weinrebe (Vitis vinifera L. ssp. vinifera) gehört zu den bedeutendsten Kulturpflanzen weltweit. Ihre hohe Anfälligkeit für eine Vielzahl von Pathogenen, insbesondere dem Echten (Erysiphe necator) und Falschen Mehltau (Plasmopara viticola), ist für den Weinbau eine besondere wirtschaftliche Bedrohung und kann zu erheblichen Ernteausfällen führen. Nicht zuletzt darum werden in Europa zwei Drittel der Gesamtmenge an Fungiziden im Weinbau eingesetzt. Um den Fungizideinsatz zu reduzieren, sollen neue resistente Rebsorten (z.B. `Regent´) gezüchtet werden, wobei es sich bei der angewendeten klassischen Kreuzungszüchtung um ein langwieriges Verfahren handelt. Die Mechanismen, welche in den resistenten Rebsorten die gesteigerte Resistenz vermitteln, sind jedoch größtenteils unbekannt. Die Identifikation sowie die funktionelle Charakterisierung von Genen, welche an der Regulation von Resistenzmechanismen beteiligt sind, könnte somit zur Verbesserung und Beschleunigung der Züchtung neuer resistenter Rebsorten beitragen. Mittels Mikroarrays konnte eine Reihe von Genen identifiziert werden, darunter auch Rezeptoren und Transkriptionsfaktoren (TF), welche in resistenten Rebsorten im Vergleich zu anfälligen Rebsorten eine schnellere und stärkere Induktion zeigten, von denen aber bislang nur vereinzelte Gene funktionell charakterisiert werden konnten. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden daher die Funktion einer Rezeptorfamilie bei der Abwehr von P. viticola nachgewiesen sowie anschließend die Unterschiede der transkriptionellen Regulation der Resistenzantwort durch TFs zwischen einer anfälligen und einer resistenten Rebsorte untersucht. Hierzu wurden im ersten Teil des Projektes die Gene der VRP1 (Vitis Resistance to Plasmopara 1) Rezeptorfamilie charakterisiert. Der in silico Vergleich der drei chimären VRP1 Rezeptoren zwischen der anfälligen Rebsorte `Lemberger´ und der resistenten Rebsorte `Regent´ zeigte keine Sequenzunterschiede. Die Lokalisation der VRP1 Proteine nach Fusion mit dem Grün Fluoreszierenden Protein (GFP) in Protoplasten einer Suspensionskultur (V. vinifera cv. `Chardonnay´) mittels konfokaler Mikroskopie konnte belegen, dass sich alle drei VRP1 Konstrukte im Cytoplasma befanden. Zusätzlich konnte mittels qPCR Analyse nachgewiesen werden, dass die Rezeptoren im resistenten `Regent´ im Vergleich zum anfälligen `Lemberger´, spezifisch durch Infektion mit P. viticola induziert wurden, was auf eine Funktion bei der Abwehr von P. viticola schließen lies. Die transiente Transformation der VRP1 Gene in Weinrebenblätter mit anschließender P. viticola Infektion zeigte, dass die Expression von VRP1-3 eine Steigerung der Resistenz um bis zu 50 % bewirkte. Darüber hinaus wurden die VRP1 Gene stabil in Arabidopsis thaliana transformiert. In Folge der Überexpression von VRP1-3 konnte ebenfalls eine Verbesserung der Resistenz der transgenen Arabidopsis Pflanzen gegen Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis um bis zu 50 % detektiert werden. Im zweiten Teil der Arbeit wurde die Induzierbarkeit des Resistenzgens VvPR10.1 (Pathogenesis Related 10.1) durch TFs und ihre Auswirkung auf die Resistenz untersucht. Mittels Promotor Induktionsanalyse konnte gezeigt werden, dass die TFs VvWRKY33, VvERF5 und VvCZF1 den Promotor von VvPR10.1 induzieren konnten, was auf eine Rolle in der Abwehr hindeutete. Es konnte zusätzlich in vivo gezeigt werden, dass eine durch P. viticola Infektion hervorgerufene Induktion von VvWRKY33 in Weinrebenblättern von Gewächshausreben wiederum zur Steigerung der Expression von VvPR10.1 führte. Ektopische Expression der TFs in Weinrebenblättern mit anschließender P. viticola Infektion zeigte, dass die Expression von VvWRKY33 und VvERF5 eine Steigerung der Resistenz um 50-70 % bewirkte. Außerdem konnte durch Komplementierung der A. thaliana knock out Mutante wrky33-1 mit VvWRKY33 nachgewiesen werden, dass die Expression im heterologen System Arabidopsis den Phänotyp des Wildtyps, in Bezug auf die Resistenz, wiederherstellen konnte. Darüber hinaus konnte sogar eine signifikante Steigerung der Resistenz gegen H. arabidopsidis und Botrytis cinerea im Vergleich zum Wildtyp Col-0 erreicht werden. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit konnte somit zum ersten Mal nachgewiesen werden, dass die gezielte Expression des VRP1-3 Rezeptors sowie der TFs VvWRKY33 bzw. VvERF5 in der Weinrebe, eine gesteigerte Resistenz gegen P. viticola induzieren konnten. Dies stellt eine Basis für die Aufklärung der zugrunde liegenden Resistenzmechanismen, und somit für die Entwicklung neuer molekularer Marker zur Verbesserung und Beschleunigung der Züchtung neuer resistenter Rebsorten, dar

Design Guidelines For Digital Kanban Systems With High Service Level

One success factor of Kanban is its elegant simplicity for physical inventory control. However, especially in multi-variant productions inventory levels are digitally tracked. To maintain the high service levels of the Kanban systems, the digital representation in the ERP must reliably reflect the physical inventory levels and deviations should be detectable. The design of such a digitally tracked Kanban systems requires a booking logic and a method for deviation detection. Especially in multi-stage systems with several inventory levels, the design of a simple and robust Kanban logic is challenging. Thus, the paper first gives an overview of existing inventory booking strategies. Based on the strategies the effects of inventory deviations on logistical performance in classic Kanban and digitally controlled Kanban systems are discussed. Design guidelines summarize the analysis. Subsequently, three different design alternatives of a classical, digital and high resolution Kanban system are developed. These guidelines and design alternatives should enable practitioners to setup reliable Kanban systems including their digital representation

Multi-dimensional gyrokinetic parameter studies based on eigenvalue computations

Plasma microinstabilities, which can be described in the framework of the linear gyrokinetic equations, are routinely computed in the context of stability analyses and transport predictions for magnetic confinement fusion experiments. The GENE code, which solves the gyrokinetic equations, has been coupled to the SLEPc package for an efficient iterative, matrix-free, and parallel computation of rightmost eigenvalues. This setup is presented, including the preconditioner which is necessary for the newly implemented Jacobi-Davidson solver. The fast computation of instabilities at a single parameter set is exploited to make parameter scans viable, that is to compute the solution at many points in the parameter space. Several issues related to parameter scans are discussed, such as an efficient parallelization over parameter sets and subspace recycling. © 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.E. Romero and J.E. Roman were supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (MICINN) under project number TIN2009-07519.Merz, F.; Kowitz, C.; Romero Alcalde, E.; Román Moltó, JE.; Jenko, F. (2012). Multi-dimensional gyrokinetic parameter studies based on eigenvalue computations. Computer Physics Communications. 183(4):922-930. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpc.2011.12.018S922930183

Computing subdominant unstable modes of turbulent plasma with a parallel Jacobi-Davidson eigensolver

In the numerical solution of large-scale eigenvalue problems, Davidson-type methods are an increasingly popular alternative to Krylov eigensolvers. The main motivation is to avoid the expensive factorizations that are often needed by Krylov solvers when the problem is generalized or interior eigenvalues are desired. In Davidson-type methods, the factorization is replaced by iterative linear solvers that can be accelerated by a smart preconditioner. Jacobi-Davidson is one of the most effective variants. However, parallel implementations of this method are not widely available, particularly for non-symmetric problems. We present a parallel implementation that has been included in SLEPc, the Scalable Library for Eigenvalue Problem Computations, and test it in the context of a highly scalable plasma turbulence simulation code. We analyze its parallel efficiency and compare it with a Krylov-Schur eigensolver. © 2011 John Wiley and Sons, Ltd..The authors are indebted to Florian Merz for providing us with the test cases and for his useful suggestions. The authors acknowledge the computer resources provided by the Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC). This work was supported by the Spanish Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion under project TIN2009-07519.Romero Alcalde, E.; Román Moltó, JE. (2011). Computing subdominant unstable modes of turbulent plasma with a parallel Jacobi-Davidson eigensolver. Concurrency and Computation: Practice and Experience. 23:2179-2191. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpe.1740S2179219123Hochstenbach, M. E., & Notay, Y. (2009). Controlling Inner Iterations in the Jacobi–Davidson Method. SIAM Journal on Matrix Analysis and Applications, 31(2), 460-477. doi:10.1137/080732110Heuveline, V., Philippe, B., & Sadkane, M. (1997). Numerical Algorithms, 16(1), 55-75. doi:10.1023/a:1019126827697Arbenz, P., Bečka, M., Geus, R., Hetmaniuk, U., & Mengotti, T. (2006). On a parallel multilevel preconditioned Maxwell eigensolver. Parallel Computing, 32(2), 157-165. doi:10.1016/j.parco.2005.06.005Genseberger, M. (2010). Improving the parallel performance of a domain decomposition preconditioning technique in the Jacobi–Davidson method for large scale eigenvalue problems. Applied Numerical Mathematics, 60(11), 1083-1099. doi:10.1016/j.apnum.2009.07.004Stathopoulos, A., & McCombs, J. R. (2010). PRIMME. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software, 37(2), 1-30. doi:10.1145/1731022.1731031Baker, C. G., Hetmaniuk, U. L., Lehoucq, R. B., & Thornquist, H. K. (2009). Anasazi software for the numerical solution of large-scale eigenvalue problems. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software, 36(3), 1-23. doi:10.1145/1527286.1527287Hernandez, V., Roman, J. E., & Vidal, V. (2005). SLEPc. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software, 31(3), 351-362. doi:10.1145/1089014.1089019Romero, E., Cruz, M. B., Roman, J. E., & Vasconcelos, P. B. (2011). A Parallel Implementation of the Jacobi-Davidson Eigensolver for Unsymmetric Matrices. High Performance Computing for Computational Science – VECPAR 2010, 380-393. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-19328-6_35Romero, E., & Roman, J. E. (2010). A Parallel Implementation of the Jacobi-Davidson Eigensolver and Its Application in a Plasma Turbulence Code. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 101-112. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-15291-7_11Über ein leichtes Verfahren die in der Theorie der Säcularstörungen vorkommenden Gleichungen numerisch aufzulösen*). (1846). Journal für die reine und angewandte Mathematik (Crelles Journal), 1846(30), 51-94. doi:10.1515/crll.1846.30.51G. Sleijpen, G. L., & Van der Vorst, H. A. (1996). A Jacobi–Davidson Iteration Method for Linear Eigenvalue Problems. SIAM Journal on Matrix Analysis and Applications, 17(2), 401-425. doi:10.1137/s0895479894270427Fokkema, D. R., Sleijpen, G. L. G., & Van der Vorst, H. A. (1998). Jacobi--Davidson Style QR and QZ Algorithms for the Reduction of Matrix Pencils. SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing, 20(1), 94-125. doi:10.1137/s1064827596300073Morgan, R. B. (1991). Computing interior eigenvalues of large matrices. Linear Algebra and its Applications, 154-156, 289-309. doi:10.1016/0024-3795(91)90381-6Paige, C. C., Parlett, B. N., & van der Vorst, H. A. (1995). Approximate solutions and eigenvalue bounds from Krylov subspaces. Numerical Linear Algebra with Applications, 2(2), 115-133. doi:10.1002/nla.1680020205Stathopoulos, A., Saad, Y., & Wu, K. (1998). Dynamic Thick Restarting of the Davidson, and the Implicitly Restarted Arnoldi Methods. SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing, 19(1), 227-245. doi:10.1137/s1064827596304162Sleijpen, G. L. G., Booten, A. G. L., Fokkema, D. R., & van der Vorst, H. A. (1996). Jacobi-davidson type methods for generalized eigenproblems and polynomial eigenproblems. BIT Numerical Mathematics, 36(3), 595-633. doi:10.1007/bf01731936Balay S Buschelman K Eijkhout V Gropp W Kaushik D Knepley M McInnes LC Smith B Zhang H PETSc users manual 2010Hernandez, V., Roman, J. E., & Tomas, A. (2007). Parallel Arnoldi eigensolvers with enhanced scalability via global communications rearrangement. Parallel Computing, 33(7-8), 521-540. doi:10.1016/j.parco.2007.04.004Dannert, T., & Jenko, F. (2005). Gyrokinetic simulation of collisionless trapped-electron mode turbulence. Physics of Plasmas, 12(7), 072309. doi:10.1063/1.1947447Roman, J. E., Kammerer, M., Merz, F., & Jenko, F. (2010). Fast eigenvalue calculations in a massively parallel plasma turbulence code. Parallel Computing, 36(5-6), 339-358. doi:10.1016/j.parco.2009.12.001Merz, F., & Jenko, F. (2010). Nonlinear interplay of TEM and ITG turbulence and its effect on transport. Nuclear Fusion, 50(5), 054005. doi:10.1088/0029-5515/50/5/054005Simoncini, V., & Szyld, D. B. (2002). Flexible Inner-Outer Krylov Subspace Methods. SIAM Journal on Numerical Analysis, 40(6), 2219-2239. doi:10.1137/s0036142902401074Morgan, R. B. (2002). GMRES with Deflated Restarting. SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing, 24(1), 20-37. doi:10.1137/s106482759936465

Dienogest 2 mg Daily in the Treatment of Adolescents with Clinically Suspected Endometriosis: The VISanne Study to Assess Safety in ADOlescents

Study Objective: To study the safety and efficacy of dienogest 2 mg in adolescents with suspected endometriosis.Design: A 52-week, open-label, single-arm study.Setting: In 21 study centers, in 6 European countries.Participants: Adolescents aged 12 to younger than 18 years with clinically suspected or laparoscopically confirmed endometriosis.Interventions: Dienogest 2 mg once daily.Main Outcome Measures: The primary end point was relative change in lumbar spine (L2-L4) bone mineral density (BMD) measured using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. A key secondary end point was change in endometriosis-associated pain assessed using a visual analogue scale.Results: Of 120 patients screened, 111 comprised the full-analysis set (ie, patients who took >= 1 dose of study drug and had >= 1 post-treatment observation) and 97 (87.4%) completed the study. Mean lumbar BMD at baseline was 1.1046 (SD, 0.1550) g/cm(2). At the end of dienogest treatment (EOT; defined as at 52 weeks or premature study discontinuation), mean relative change in BMD from baseline was -1.2% (SD, 2.3%; n 5 103). Follow-up measurement 6 months after EOT in the subgroup with decreased BMD at EOT (n 5 60) showed partial recovery in lumbar BMD (mean change from baseline: -2.3% at EOT, -0.6% 6 months after EOT). Mean endometriosis-associated pain score was 64.3 (SD, 19.1) mm at baseline and decreased to 9.0 (SD, 13.9) mm by week 48.Conclusion: In adolescents with suspected endometriosis, dienogest 2 mg for 52 weeks was associated with a decrease in lumbar BMD, followed by partial recovery after treatment discontinuation. Endometriosis-associated pain was substantially reduced during treatment. Because bone accretion is critical during adolescence, results of the VISanne study to assess safety in ADOlescents (VISADO) study highlights the need for tailored treatment in this population, taking into account the expected efficacy on endometriosis-associated pain and an individual's risk factors for osteoporosis

Consumers’ value co-creation in sharing economy: The role of social support, consumers’ ethical perceptions and relationship quality

The ancient phenomenon of ‘sharing’ has become mainstream, and transformed the traditional consumer behavior due to proliferation of online sharing economy platforms. Millions of people participate in popular sharing economy platforms (SEPs) such as Airbnb and Uber. Although sharing economy research has gained interest, yet a holistic model that explains the formation of consumer value co-creation intentions on such platforms remains absent. The purpose of this study is to develop a model of the antecedents of consumers value co-creation intentions at SEPs and evaluate it empirically. Building on social support theory, relationship quality theory, value co-creation and marketing ethics literature, we propose a theoretical model that explains the formation of consumers’ value co-creation intentions. Empirical data was collected from 342 Generation Y consumers and analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM). The results reveal that social support influences ethical perceptions, which further influences value co-creation. Ethical perceptions also influence consumers' trust, satisfaction and commitment with the SEP. However, trust and commitment do not influence value co-creation intentions. Our study contributes to the literature on sharing economy by providing a holistic model of the antecedents of consumers’ value co-creation intentions. We also detail theoretical and managerial implications

The Science Performance of JWST as Characterized in Commissioning

This paper characterizes the actual science performance of the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), as determined from the six month commissioning period. We summarize the performance of the spacecraft, telescope, science instruments, and ground system, with an emphasis on differences from pre-launch expectations. Commissioning has made clear that JWST is fully capable of achieving the discoveries for which it was built. Moreover, almost across the board, the science performance of JWST is better than expected; in most cases, JWST will go deeper faster than expected. The telescope and instrument suite have demonstrated the sensitivity, stability, image quality, and spectral range that are necessary to transform our understanding of the cosmos through observations spanning from near-earth asteroids to the most distant galaxies

The Science Performance of JWST as Characterized in Commissioning

This paper characterizes the actual science performance of the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), as determined from the six month commissioning period. We summarize the performance of the spacecraft, telescope, science instruments, and ground system, with an emphasis on differences from pre-launch expectations. Commissioning has made clear that JWST is fully capable of achieving the discoveries for which it was built. Moreover, almost across the board, the science performance of JWST is better than expected; in most cases, JWST will go deeper faster than expected. The telescope and instrument suite have demonstrated the sensitivity, stability, image quality, and spectral range that are necessary to transform our understanding of the cosmos through observations spanning from near-earth asteroids to the most distant galaxies.Comment: 5th version as accepted to PASP; 31 pages, 18 figures; https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1538-3873/acb29

The James Webb Space Telescope Mission

Twenty-six years ago a small committee report, building on earlier studies, expounded a compelling and poetic vision for the future of astronomy, calling for an infrared-optimized space telescope with an aperture of at least $4m$. With the support of their governments in the US, Europe, and Canada, 20,000 people realized that vision as the $6.5m$ James Webb Space Telescope. A generation of astronomers will celebrate their accomplishments for the life of the mission, potentially as long as 20 years, and beyond. This report and the scientific discoveries that follow are extended thank-you notes to the 20,000 team members. The telescope is working perfectly, with much better image quality than expected. In this and accompanying papers, we give a brief history, describe the observatory, outline its objectives and current observing program, and discuss the inventions and people who made it possible. We cite detailed reports on the design and the measured performance on orbit.Comment: Accepted by PASP for the special issue on The James Webb Space Telescope Overview, 29 pages, 4 figure